The Thrill That Kills Essay -- Essays Papers

The Thrill That Kills Road hustling has become a perilous game in the twentieth century. In the article The Thrill That Kills by Paul-Mark Rendon, he depicts the threats and outcomes of unlawful road hustling. This article was distributed Sept. 17, 2001 in MacLean’s. This is an article that attempts to connect with road racers and furthermore anybody keen on find out about road hustling and its risks. The article examines how for the driver, dashing is an energizing adrenaline surge, however for the individuals, is a peril to their security. The creator utilizes realities like how many guiltless individuals have passed on because of road dashing. Indeed, even drivers themselves pass on account of losing control or hitting another vehicle. This article makes perusers mull over needing to go out in the city and race. This article gives proof that road dashing is extremely risky. The creator gives clear proof to help his point that unlawful road dashing is hazardous. Hustling on an open street can have numerous factors that can prompt the most exceedingly terrible. A portion of these factors are that â€Å"where surprising traffic, lopsided streets and unpracticed drivers, some as youthful as 16, structure a dangerous combination.† The creator tells how a guiltless individual strolling over the road, was hit by one of three vehicles dashing that were voyaging around 200 km/h in a 50 km/h zone. The body was tossed 80 meters and passed on before he hit the ground. â€Å"In Vancouver alone, police check six fatalities from road dashing in the past year.† Mark utilizes this data to get his point through to the perusers since individuals are most influenced when they catch wind of others biting the dust. Paul-Mark clarifies how driving experience on the avenues is exceptionally low. Scarcely any of the... ...there. Paul-Mark tells how the Darknights are a decent aim, yet â€Å"there’s continually going to be where there’s warmed contention and nobody needs to burn through their time and state, ‘We’ll settle this at the racetrack.’ We’ll pick a street, we’ll do it for this much and afterward we’ll go home.† This causes the peruser to acknowledge how despite the fact that road racers know about the colossal threats of road hustling and have a lawful method to do it, they despite everything would prefer to put people’s lives in danger and race in the city. In spite of the fact that this article bids to presence of mind the most, Paul-Mark’s claims are evident with generally excellent guide to back those cases up. Perusers get the full image of what is truly going down in the road dashing scene and how the perils keep on existing. Paul-Mark has solid interests and feelings all through this paper keeps perusers snared the whole time.

How to Get Someone to Write Your Essay For You

How to Get Someone to Write Your Essay For YouGetting someone to write your essay for you may sound too good to be true, but it's not. You can get someone to write your essay for you without you having to pay them. Here are some of the ways that you can find the help that you need to get your essay finished.One way to get someone to write your essay for you is to check out the local college newspaper. By simply doing a search for the topic of your essay, you will be able to find different essays that have already been written. Most of these will be free of charge. You will want to follow these essays up with these writers so that you can get an idea of what they would offer for you to use as a resource.Another way to get someone to write your essay for you is to find an article that is published in a newspaper. Many newspapers will provide a form for people to fill out so that they can get your essay printed out for you.If you are looking for a way to show that you have great writing skills, you can include your essay on your personal resume. This will allow you to get more business and will help to gain more attention for you. Once you have some great samples to work with, it will be easier for you to get a feel for what is needed in order to create a good piece of work.Even if you do not have a personal resume, you can still have a great piece of writing completed for you by offering a good idea for a topic for an essay. A professional writing service can take your idea and turn it into a great piece of writing. They can also give you examples of other essay pieces that have already been written to give you some ideas for what you can expect from your own essay.You can also consider finding a professor that has already done some research for you on the topic of your essay. He or she may be able to give you great advice on what to write about. You can then decide which parts of the story line you would like to include in your essay.If you are not sure about wh at to write about in your essay, it might be a good idea to talk to friends or family members who have written their own essays. These individuals will be able to give you great ideas on how to proceed. You can then take the ideas that they have provided to the writing service that is providing your services and use their suggestions to come up with a great essay that will catch the attention of the reader.When you get someone to write your essay for you, you will be able to get the piece of writing that you need done. There are many different writers that you can use, so you can find someone that will be able to help you out when you need it the most.

Identifying Purging Disorder

Identifying Purging Disorder Eating Disorders Symptoms Print Purging Disorder By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 14, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on March 19, 2019  Westend61 / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Purging Disorder? Not Clearly Defined Who Gets Purging Disorder? How Is It Different? Disorders Occurring Alongside Risks Treatment View All Back To Top If you purge or exercise excessively, you might wonder whether you would be considered to have bulimia nervosa. However, maybe you do not binge. This may mean that you have a different problem: you may have purging disorder. What Is Purging Disorder? Purging disorder is an eating disorder that is diagnosed when a person purges to influence shape or weight but does not binge. It can be thought of as bulimia nervosa without the bingeing. Most writing about the disorder seems to assume that vomiting is the default form of purging, but laxative and diuretic misuse are also common. Many patients also engage in other behaviors to compensate for eating, including excessive exercise and extreme fasting. Although purging disorder has likely existed for some time, it was first formally recognized by Keel and colleagues in 2005. Purging disorder has been studied far less than bulimia nervosa. Indeed, many patients with purging disorder may have been incorrectly diagnosed as having bulimia nervosa or may not have been diagnosed at all. Purging disorder is not listed as an official disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Instead, it is included as a described condition within the category of Other Specified Feeding and Eating disorder (OSFED). This category includes individuals with clinically significant eating disorders who do not meet criteria for one of the primary eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder. Even though it lacks its own official category, purging disorder can be just as serious as any of these other disorders. Not Clearly Defined Because purging disorder is not well-defined, researchers have not totally agreed on what it comprises. One of the challenges with our current diagnostic system is deciding into which basket a person with a certain group of symptoms should be placed. For example, driven exercise has more recently been included as a potential purging behavior. Even though exercise is commonly considered a healthy and socially acceptable behaviorâ€"in a way that vomiting or laxative use is notâ€"excessive exercise can be a serious problem. However, it is not yet clear that excessive exercise behavior is by itself sufficient for a diagnosis of purging disorder. One set of researchers believe that it should be. In their recent study, they found that individuals who engage in regular driven exercise (but do not use other methods of purging) have similar psychopathology as those who purge regularly by vomiting or laxative misuse. Thus the research is ongoing and as a result, it is unclear exactly how purging disorder will be defined. Who Gets Purging Disorder? Purging disorder most commonly emerges in late adolescence and early adulthood. It affects primarily females and people who are classified as normal weight or larger. Because of the current diagnostic system, which prioritizes the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, purging disorder specifically cannot be diagnosed in individuals who are underweight. Individuals who are underweight and engage in purging would instead be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, binge/purge subtype. As a proportion of those seeking treatment for an eating disorder, research indicates that purging disorder is the presenting problem in 5 to 10 percent of adult patients and 24 to 28 percent of adolescent patients. It might become a more common diagnosis if individuals with excessive exercise get classified as having purging disorder. How Is Purging Disorder Different From Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa? By definition, people with purging disorder do not have the episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food that characterize bulimia nervosa (otherwise they would meet criteria for bulimia nervosa). However, they may often feel that they have eaten “too much” when they have actually only eaten a normal amount of food. They may purge after meals. They may experience similar levels of guilt and shame to those who purge after eating large amounts of food. Research shows that patients who purge but do not binge have severe symptoms that include restrictive eating, a preoccupation with eating disorder thoughts, and body image concerns. A primary difference between purging disorder and bulimia may be that patients with bulimia nervosa report a greater loss of control  over food. Some research suggests that purging disorder may be less severe than bulimia nervosa. Patients with purging disorder often report feelings of gastrointestinal distress after eating and more distress than healthy people and patients with bulimia nervosa. Some patients with purging disorder may feel that their vomiting is automatic. According to Keel and colleagues (2017), patients with purging disorder “often resemble patients with anorexia nervosa in temperament and interpersonal interactions more than they resemble patients with bulimia nervosa” (p. 191). Other Disorders That Occur Alongside Purging Disorder Patients with purging disorder often have other psychological disorders: Up to 70 percent  have a mood disorderUp to 43 percent  have an anxiety disorderUp to 17 percent  have a substance use disorder Purging disorder is also associated with an elevated risk of suicide and intentional self-harm. Risks of Purging Disorder Purging by vomiting is extremely concerning behavior because it carries numerous medical risks ranging from metabolic disturbances, electrolyte imbalances that could lead to heart attack, dental problems, esophageal tears, and swollen salivary glands. Purging disorder can also cause problems with the bones and gastrointestinal systems and is associated with an elevated mortality risk. Misuse of laxatives can cause dependence on them and the disruption of normal bowel functioning. Abuse of diuretics can lead to significant medical consequences. Treatment for Purging Disorder Unfortunately, as of the time of writing, no randomized controlled treatment trials have been conducted for individuals with purging disorder. There are no evidence-based treatments specifically for the disorder. There is some indication from the inclusion of patients with purging disorder in transdiagnostic treatment trials that they may benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-E), the most successful treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa. Modules that address mood intolerance and problem-solving may be particularly helpful. These strategies help patients to tolerate feelings of fullness and anxiety and help them to develop other coping skills. Patients with purging disorder may also benefit from exposure with response prevention, which could involve eating normal amounts of food, learning to reinterpret physical sensations as a normal part of the digestive process, and preventing purging. Adolescents with purging disorder may be best served by family-based treatment (FBT), the leading treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa, although research is limited. According to Keel and colleagues (2017), patients with purging disorder who purge after what they believe is out of control eatingâ€"a behavior similar to patients with bulimia nervosaâ€"may respond better to treatment. This could be because the feeling of loss of control eating is so unpleasant. By contrast, patients who purge but do not experience any feelings of loss of control over eating may have less motivation for treatment because their behavior does not feel problematic to them. They may appear more like patients with anorexia nervosa who do not experience their restriction as a problem. This latter group may also be less willing to engage in treatment due to fear of weight gain if they stop purging. Find Help From an Online Therapy Program Today A Word From Verywell People who engage in purging and similar behaviors may be ashamed and reluctant to seek help. However, it is important to get professional attention and the sooner the better. If you or a loved one is engaging in eating disorder behaviors such as vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, or excessive exercise, please seek help.

The Bluest Eyes By Toni Morrison - 870 Words

Pecola Breedlove is one of the main characters in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eyes. Pecola is a young black girl growing up in the 1940s, in northern Ohio, a dominantly white world. She idolizes the young, white movie actress Shirley Temple and wants to be like her. Pecola never realizes how unattainable this dream is and the hardships she faces makes it even more impossible. Some of the hardships Pecola faces in her life include being bullied at school, an unstable home life, and the feeling of ugliness. Pecola is constantly called ugly by classmates, strangers, and even her own mother. She has been called ugly so much she believes that she is truly ugly but, Pecola thinks if she had blue eyes then all of her problems would be solved. She would be pretty if she had blue eyes. People would not make fun of her and call her ugly if she had blue eyes. Blue eyes may even be able to prevent her parents from fighting so vigorously. She believes blue eyes are the solution to a ll of her problems. However, blue eyes are metaphor for something much more powerful than a genetic trait, love. Pecola desperately wants to be loved by someone and she is determined to find this love she yearns for. She goes through life witnessing everyone around her being loved but, she feels no one loves her. Her parents do not show her any love, but instead drown her with derogatory remarks and constant fighting. One of her parent’s fights became so bad that her father, Cholly Breedlove, burnsShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1720 Words   |  7 Pagesof The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison, criticizes the danger of race discrimination for any kinds of situations with no exception. The purpose of the paper is explain how pervasive and destructive social racism was bound to happen in American society. The intended audiences are not only black people, but also other races had suffered racism until now. I could find out and concentrate on the most notable symbols which are whiteness, blue eyes and the characterization while reading the novel. Toni MorrisonRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1587 Words   |  7 Pagessaid, â€Å"We were born to die and we die to live.† Toni Morrison correlates to Nelson’s quote in her Nobel Lecture of 1993, â€Å"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.† In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, she uses language to examine the concepts of racism, lack of self-identity, gender roles, and socioeconomic hardships as they factor into a misinterpretation of the American Dream. Morrison illustrates problems that these issues provoke throughRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison956 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Slavery Influenced the Characters of The Bluest Eye Unlike so many pieces of American literature that involve and examine the history of slavery and the years of intensely-entrenched racism that ensued, the overall plot of the novel, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, does not necessarily involve slavery directly, but rather examines the aftermath by delving into African-American self-hatred. Nearly all of the main characters in The Bluest Eye who are African American are dominated by the endlessRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1189 Words   |  5 PagesA standard of beauty is established by the society in which a person lives and then supported by its members in the community. In the novel The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, we are given an extensive understanding of how whiteness is the standard of beauty through messages throughout the novel that whiteness is superior. Morrison emphasizes how this ideality distorts the minds and lives of African-American women and children. He emphasizes that in order for African-American wom en to survive in aRead MoreThe Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1095 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class is a major theme in the book The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. Toni Morrison is saying that there are dysfunctional families in every social class, though people only think of it in the lower class. Toni Morrison was also stating that people also use social class to separate themselves from others and apart from race; social class is one thing Pauline and Geraldine admire.Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda are affected by not only their own social status, but others social status too - for exampleRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison2069 Words   |  9 Pagesblack/whiteness. Specifically, white people were positioned at the upper part of the hierarchy, whereas, African Americans were inferior. Consequently, white people were able to control and dictate to the standards of beauty. In her novel, ‘The Bluest Eye’, Toni Morrison draws upon symbolism, narrative voice, setting and id eals of the time to expose the effects these standards had on the different characters. With the juxtaposition of Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, who naively conforms to the barrierRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1103 Words   |  5 Pages Toni Morrison is known for her prized works exploring themes and issues that are rampant in African American communities. Viewing Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye from a psychoanalytical lens sheds light onto how, as members of a marginalized group, character’s low self-esteem reflect into their actions, desires, and defense mechanisms. In her analysis of psychoanalytical criticism, Lois Tyson focuses on psychological defense mechanisms such as selective perception, selective memory, denialRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, encompasses the themes of youth, gender, and race. The African American Civil Rights Movement had recently ended at the time the novel was written. In the book, Morrison utilizes a first-person story to convey her views on racial inequality. The protagonist and her friends find themselves in moments where they are filled with embarrassment and have a wish to flee such events. Since they are female African Americans, they are humiliated in society. One of Morrison’sRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1462 Words   |  6 PagesBildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the wo rld.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectives. Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid is a novel set in post colonial Antigua, published in 1985Read MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison992 Words   |  4 PagesSet in the 1940s, during the Great Depression, the novel The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, illustrates in the inner struggles of African-American criticism. The Breedloves, the family the story revolves around a poor, black and ugly family. They live in a two-room store front, which is open, showing that they have nothing. In the family there is a girl named Pecola Breedlove, she is a black and thinks that she is ugly because she is not white. Pecola’s father, Cholly Breedlove, goes through humiliated

Karma Upon Death by Scrabble - 960 Words

Tyrone Gibson Mr.Borrelli Sunday, July 7, 2013 Karma Upon Death By Scrabble Karma. What is karma? Is it a part of life? Is it what helps us make decisions? Or is it the balance of life and everyone living in it? In Charlie Fish’s story Death By Scrabble karma is the main theme. This fictional story is about a husband and his wife playing Scrabble, a game in which players earn points for the words made by them with available letters. The story narrates how the words in the game reflect the practical life of the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I don’t believe it- it can’t be Tilo 3 a coincidence. The letters made it happen. I played the word explodes...and the air conditioning unit exploded† (page 3) with this mindset of the husband he reveals the irony and the reality in the story for the reader. A big part of irony in the story is how his cousin â€Å"Harold swallowed a bee when he was nine, his throat swelled up and he died.† (page 1) Then towards the end of the story he chokes on a â€Å"b† just like his cousin and dies. The greatest irony in the story is the fact that throughout the whole time the husband is playing scrabble trying to figure out which words he can spell out to kill his wife, but what he doesn’t know is that his wife is playing the same game. And ironically she ends up winning. Irony in this story best illustrates Karma. Finally the use of these literary terms helped create the theme of this story. The suspense kept the reader wanting to know what will happen to the wife. will he kill her? Foreshadowing in this story is also another huge part in showing karma, when heShow MoreRelatedAlcohol and Spiritual Deadlock--John Berryman Essay2633 Words   |  11 Pageshis introduction to John Berrymans unfinished work Recovery, about his efforts to recover from alcoholism, Saul Bellows asserts that the act of writing poetry killed Berryman, and alcohol helped fuel the writing process: Inspiration contained a death threat. He would, as he wrote the things he waited and prayed for, fall apart, (Recovery xii). During his career as a poet, he was diseased with alcoholism and suffered from extreme lapses of anxiety. Berryman wrote a majority of the Dream Songs

Controversy Paper on United States Involvement in Global Affairs Free Essays

Involvement of the United States in Global Affairs A major debate that is being discussed both domestically and internationally is the involvement of the United States of America in international affairs. This debate includes the practicality of where the United States has intervened in foreign affairs, its right to intervene in the first place considering past mistakes and questionable leadership, and whether or not that foreign involvement is in the general public’s best interest. Obviously, the two sides of the debate refer to the ‘yes’ position, explained by Ivan Eland (as in yes, the United States should limit it’s global involvement) and also the ‘no’ position, backed by President Barack Obama (as in no, the United States should not limit it’s foreign involvement). We will write a custom essay sample on Controversy Paper on United States Involvement in Global Affairs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eland’s basis for his argument is that the United States has habitually overspent it’s treasure and overextended it’s military power to a point where we cannot keep pace economically and which could bring upon the demise of the American government as we know it. He also points out that continued foreign endeavors increases the risk of the United States being a target for terrorist attack. Obama’s vision is that The United States of America needs to re-establish its place as a world leader by maintaining an active foreign policy. Obama admits that mistakes have been made where international affairs are concerned, but that is a reason to fix those mistakes and step up as a suitable leader once more. Discussed later in the paper is my own point of view, which supports President Barack Obama and his plan for active engagement in foreign affairs, in a conservative and confidant manner. In his position, Eland points out that both republican and democratic actors, as of now, support the use of military force and United State intervention in foreign affairs. This begs the question, who is on Eland’s side? His half of the debate offers advice to both the conservatives and the liberals who are currently apart of US involvement decision-making. While he upholds fair and good points, his arguments hold less sway due to his non-direct involvement. Eland’s first argument has a basis in the research of Christopher Coyne, a professor at West Virginia University. The bottom line of this research is that the Unites States attempts of bringing about democracy in countries where we have tried to intervene militarily has yielded low percent success rates. So it may be that it is time for America to change its tactics from a military to a more democratic approach. Another notion brought up by Eland is that it is in America’s best interest to unextend it’s military power. He points out that is unlikely for another hegemonic power to arise very quickly in the absence of our lessened military power, and also compares the overextending of the United States assets to when the Soviet Union overextended itself and it’s socialistic government collapsed. However, Eland also points out that economically, European countries and China are achieving much more than the US. Therefore, if America does not keep up its involvement globally, it is likely that one of those countries could succeed us as the new superpower, thus contradicting his earlier statement that there is unlikely to be a new hegemon anytime soon. It is also unfair to liken the demise of Russia to that of the United States, when the governmental systems are very different. President Barack Obama is in favor of upholding US involvement globally, and maintaining a leadership role. He plans to do this with 5 steps. First, by bringing troops home from Iraq but also leaving some to keep Al Queda and other terrorists at bay. However, the president doesn’t explain exactly how this will be accomplished more effectively since we are already supposedly fighting â€Å"The War on Terrorism† with all our best resources. The main point in Barack Obama’s debate is that the United States needs to stay active in the world to remain on top. To do that, new alliances must be built within NATO, but also keep up with the times and constantly revise our alliances and position within the global community. It is also clear that The United States of America has made mistakes in it’s leadership and economically, but overall, Obama’s plan is fairly clearly outlined in his debate, that mostly makes logistical sense. The first step outlined in order to regain influential leadership is changing the troops and approach in the war in Iraq. Second, to employ a 21st military that is powerful, bright and able. Third, to reinforce allies and stand by other in countries in attempt to keep the world’s deadliest weapons out of the worst hands. Fourth, to reduce carbon emissions, and lastly, to provide more foreign aid to countries who are lacking in basic needs and fair governments. As stated above, I believe that President Barack Obama’s side of the debate, supporting United States involvement globally, is the right path for America. I choose this because it isn’t just about the yes or no side of this debate. Obama successfully explains that continued involvement doesn’t mean America stomping on poorer countries and participating in unsuccessful expeditions in helping third world countries. US involvement in global affairs means leading the by way of example and will result in putting the interests and safety of American citizens first. Obama’s reasoning of this debate will hold the backing of American citizens. It gives a probable solution to our countries problems at hand. This policy is the best because the public can understand it and they can feel a stake in its success. Countering pro involvement is Eland’s isolationism position. I don’t believe it measures up because it ignores America’s ability to do well unto others, and it diminishes our ability to lead. America is one of the only countries able to use a quantifiable amount of money and military power for use of foreign aid. And unfortunately, a lot of counties need that. If America were to withdraw, many states would be worse for wear (Lieber). I also believe that America’s defining attribute is its leadership position. Withdrawing from international affairs would be to sacrifice that privilege. It is because that no other regional power has the economic power, political will, or military strength to match the United States that we have a great international influence. However, the European Union or China are certainly striving for that same international influence and will not hesitate to rise to it if the opportunity presents itself (Guest). Part of Obama’s outline to maintain world leadership is to build and maintain a 21st century military. He clarifies that recruiting the best and the brightest and rewarding the veterans who serve because they deserve it will be the foremost way to build a military power that is confident and skilled. A force likened to this will not only allow America’s staying power in the prime leadership spot, but also allow us to provision foreign aid. Eland does bring up an excellent point though, when he brings up that the US spends a great deal on it’s military compared to other countries. He points out that other countries are able to do better economically because they do not have such large ilitaries weighing their economies down. Nonetheless, sacrificing America’s military power is an unacceptable notion. All things considered, the United States should not limit its global involvement. It needs to maintain its leadership position in the world, not only for our own benefit but for other actors also. The procedures used by the United States to determine how it will become involved need to be always evolving and reconsidered to ensure the best possible outcomes for our United States citizens, and also other citizens around the globe. The United States is very capable of accomplishing this if we lead by example and are always mindful of fellow countries and the repercussions, positive or negative, that our actions are able to preform. Citations Database Used: Academic Search Premier Lieber, Robert. â€Å"Examining America’s Role in Global Affairs. † VOA. Voice of America, 31 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Guest, Robert. â€Å"Examining America’s Role in Global Affairs. † VOA. Voice of America, 31 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. How to cite Controversy Paper on United States Involvement in Global Affairs, Essay examples

Review of Literature Novel Block Polyurethane

Question: Describe about the Review of Literature for Novel Block Polyurethane. Answer: Wang et al in 2016 has designed and synthesized novel block polyurethane which is a biodegradable material that is based on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) as effective biomaterials which aids in the improvement of mechanical properties as well as hemocompatibility [1]. They characterized the resultant polyurethanes by various imaging techniques and evaluated the biodegradability rate at the temperature of 37 C kept in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at the pH level of 7.4. The results of this study shows that the PHBV based polyurethanes produced a faster degradation rate in PBS than that of plain PHBV films due to the introduction of ester bond. This indicates that it is more suitable for its application in biomedical science that needs a longer period of degradation. They have also evaluated the hemocompatibility by carrying out hemolytic test and noted the time of dynamic coagulation of blood and adhesion of platelets. They fo und that the polyurethanes that are based on PHBV has an excellent hemocompatibility with an increased soft segment content that too mainly due to the influence of introduced PHBV block. Therefore polyurethanes based on PHBV could be better used in the field of vascular grafts. A study on degradation property of polyurethanes was conducted by Rodriguez (2013) to find its application in cardiovascular system [2]. Though the polyurethane biomaterials have good chemical and mechanical properties with better biocompatibility they are at increased risk of degradation in certain circumstances such as hydrolysis, environmental stress, oxidation, enzyme or lipid related degradation which is identified in vivo at the time of device usage. Using in vitro method, they studied the degradation under these circumstances and found that the polyurethanes are not inert biomaterials that are placed in the body but are capable of degradation and this has to be modified by changing the composition and segment chemistry of polyurethanes to be used in cardiovascular grafts. In 2005, Santerre et al has proposed a study to understand the polyurethanes biodegradable property: from classical old implants to recent tissue engineering biomaterials [3]. They have reviewed all the literatures related to the application of polyurethanes in medical field. They analyzed the details and identified the problems related to the use of polyurethane materials from past to present days. They gained a better knowledge about polyurethane materials mainly by careful analysis of environmental biodegradation mechanisms in vivo and its application in health field. Huang, 2008 has proposed a study to help bone tissue engineering by using biodegradable and bioactive polyurethanes (porous) scaffolds [4]. Even though the biodegradable polyurethanes (porous) scaffolds have appropriate rate of degradation rate with no toxicity, they lack bioactive groups, which reduces its usage. This study proposes some common modification methods, surface functionalization and modifications in blending. Finally, the review suggests having bulk modification as a newer method to improve the bioactive property of polyurethanes. Punnakitikashem, 2014 has conducted a study on acellular biodegradable vascular grafts with small diameter [5]. He determined that the small diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) that are biodegradable should posses anti thrombotic property, inhibition of hyperplasia of tunica intima (middle layer of arteries) and fast endothelialization to increase the patency of graft. He also found that there is no clear treatment to prevent thrombotic property and proliferation of tunica intima which in turn affects the formation of cells in the endothelial layer on SDVGs. He suggested that to prevent this limitation, elastic polyurethane urea (biodegradable) and dipyridamole (drug) (DPA) could be combined and introduced into a fibrous scaffold that is biodegradable by the process of electrospun. The expected mechanical support will be provided by the elastic polyurethane urea (biodegradable) whereas bio functions will be offered by the dipyridamole in the scaffold. They analyzed that whether the resu lting scaffold has caused strains as comparable with that of the normal coronary artery. The dipyridamole used in the scaffolds was released in the phosphate buffer solution continuously for 91 days at a temperature of 37 C, with a low level release for the first 3 days. When elastic polyurethane urea (biodegradable) was studied, the improvement in non thrombotic property is less when compared to that of the dipyridamole loaded elastic polyurethane urea (biodegradable) scaffolds which was determined by the extended clotting time, lowered concentration of titration complex, decreased hemolysis and lowered deposition of human platelet. It was noted that the scaffolds with higher dipyridamole content of 5% and 10% inhibited the proliferation of smooth muscle cells of aorta apparently. Additionally it was found that the dipyridamole loaded scaffolds presented with no adverse effects on the growth of endothelial cells in aorta but it has improved their proliferation. Due to these beneficial properties, dipyridamole loaded elastic polyurethane urea can be used for vascular replacement. In 2010, Hong studied about tailoring the degradation kinetics of poly (ester carbonate urethane) urea that is thermoplastic elastomer to be used as tissue engineering scaffolds due to their uses in repair and regeneration of soft tissue [6]. The main objective of this study was to generate a group of polyurethane elastomer (biodegradable) by partially substituting polyester by polycarbonate segments in the polymer backbone which might slow the degradation process. They have investigated the soft segment molar ratios and polymer tensile strengths and noted that increased poly (1, 6-hexamethylene carbonate) content produced soft and more distensible films. Salt leaching produced scaffolds supported the adhesion and growth of smooth muscle in vitro. These slower degrading thermoplastic polyurethanes increase its application in various repair and reconstructive procedures of soft tissue. Reference Wang, Y. Zheng, Y. Sun, J. Fan, Q. Qin and Z. 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Hong, Acellular biodegradable small diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs), Acta Biomater, vol.10, no. 11, pp.46184628, November 2014 Y. Hong, J. Guan, K. L. Fujimoto, R. Hashizume, A. L. Pelinescu and W. R. Wagner, Tailoring the degradation kinetics of poly (ester carbonate urethane) urea thermoplastic elastomers for tissue engineering scaffolds, Biomaterials, vol. 31, pp. 42494258, 2010